Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Prevention

Highly Pathogenic avian Influenza (HPAI) PreventionAdministrative structureBangladesh has 7 divisions, 64 districts and 489 upazilas or sub-districts Bangladesh National Portal. Source http//bangladesh.gov.bd and sh ar borders with India (ab turn up 4,246 km) and Myanmar (193 km).Each upazila or sub-district consisting of multiple unions, each unions consisting of nine villages (in rural areas)/ wards (in metropolitan areas) and each ward consisting of multiple mauzas (in rural areas)/ mahallas (in metropolitan areas). In metropolitan or sub urban area, unions are replaced with pourashava i.e municipality and metropolis corporation. There are 4550 unions Bangladesh National Portal. Source http//bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/union-list, 56348 mouzas, 11 city corporations and 317 municipalities in Bangladesh Bangladesh bureau of statistics (BBS). 2014. Statistical pocketbook of Bangladesh-2013 www.bbs.gov.bd.Source Cabinet Division- Government of the Peoples Re globe of Bangladesh http// www.cabinet.gov.bd/site/page/fe6c7332-5568-4dd7-bd37-d08120931ccdControl scenarioFollowing are the scenario to check the HPAI in Bangladesh-Stumping out-Bangladesh government approved traditional stamping out control outline to fight against HPAI since its first detection in 2007. A introductory stamping out consist of (a) infection detection (b) touched bird quarantine and (c) culling of affect and in-contact poultry (d) decontamination and (e) surveillance after outbreak. At beginning, the government implemented stamping out in the affected farm and all farms located in 5 KM radius of affected farm. Then government revised this decision due(p) to poultry industry protest and enacted new stamping out rule stamping out in affected farm and all farms located in 1 KM radius of affected farm. Currently stamping out was only traped to the affected poultry farms (1, 2). Early detection and early response were stressed to control the HPAI in Bangladesh, but late reporting and late response usually hampered the early detection and early response process in Bangladesh. To facilitate the early detection, a HPAI active surveillance program through SMS based reporting system was introduced in Bangladesh which was closed because of fund crisis. In addition, avian influenza compensation strategy was adapted for the owner of the culled poultry sodbuster in June 2008 which was also closed due to fund availability. Under those circumstances the number of informing gradually lessen (1).Restriction in the movement of poultryLimit in the poultry movement was also enforced but this process was not successful to limit the entry of sick poultry into the live bird market (1).Vaccination (trial basis) in parent stock and commercial layer farmIslam (2015) stated that though Bangladesh introduced vaccination at certain areas in 2013 and 2015, the effect of vaccination is still need to be assessed (1). According to vaccination policy, vaccination on poultry stack is depend on farmer determination, however permission from livestock reasonity is necessary as livestock authority is responsible for post-vaccination investigation. In addition, poultry farmer is responsible to pay the immunisation and vaccine expenses. In the trial site, vaccination was carried on parent stock (100%) and commercial layer flock (50%), however vaccination was not done in broiler flock. According to number of farm in the trial site, a lower percentage of commercial layer poultry farms were came chthonic vaccination in Gazipur (33%) and Bajitpur (55%). Trial documented uneven antibody response in between the farm and within the poultry farm. In addition, an unprotective antibody level (2 5 (or32)) has been documented in few poultry bird. On the other hand, many poultry birds documented protective antibody level (from Log2 5 to Log2 6). Antibody level ranged Log2 5 to Log2 6 is assumed to provide protection against clinical HPAI while this level is unable to reduce the shedding o f HPAI. The trial also documented diverse antibody response with contrasting type of vaccine. Post-vaccination outbreaks has been documented in many countries mainly due to scarce vaccination coverage in the main host species (1).Outreach and health education10 recommendation messages (Table 1) has been published by Bangladesh government to prevent HPAI H5N1 in gracious and disseminate those through TV, radio, print media and Department of Livestock Service led public meeting. Government adopted those recommendation from a UNICEF-WHO-FAO-Japan Government joint publication (3). Shanta et al. (2012) documented the percentage of backyard poultry raiser who trailed Bangladesh Government 10 messages after quatern yours of first detection of HPAI H5N1 in Bangladesh and stated that government should revised 10 messages to lower the risk of HPAI H5N1 in human population (Figure 1). In addition the author stressed on communication pathway and appropriateness of proposed human behaviour in HPAI H5N1 control program (3, 4). Sultana et al. (2012) has the similar findings and also stated that backyard poultry farmers unable to follow the government message because bringing change in low earned backyard poultry farmer existing behaviour require more than time and more financial capacity (5).Table 1 Bangladesh Government 10 recommendation or message to prevent HPAI H5N1 transmission in human (3)Figure 1 Percentage of backyard poultry raiser who trailed Bangladesh Government 10 messages to prevent HPAI H5N1 transmission in Human (2009-2011) (3, 4)Bangladesh adopted different control circular from basic stamping out technique to vaccination (mentioned in above section) since first detection of HPAI H5N1 in poultry in 2007. There is a very peculiar(a) alternative control method left except strengthening the current control measure to control the HPAI in Bangladesh.After reviewing the control methods in my thought process stamping out a combination of stamping out (only o n the affected farm) and vaccination on 1 km radius around the affected farm set up be a best practice to control HPAI in Bangladesh. For example, one depicted object proposed a combination of stamping out (1 km radius around the affected farm) and vaccination (3 km radius around the affected farm) to control AI in Belgium (6). Second best control option, stamping out only in the affected farm, which is currently practicing in Bangladesh, is the best method for controlling AI in Bangladesh as the number of bird culling is limited when we compare it with stamping out in 1 km radius and 5 km radius around the affected farm. Third best control option, vaccination in layer, broiler and backyard poultry is an alternative control method for Bangladesh. However, regular monitoring on post-vaccination flock with veterinary authority is necessary to prevent the outbreak of avian influenza with vaccine strain. For example, one study identified AI in a vaccinated poultry without presentation ill signs even though many birds demonstrate high antibody level (Log 27 to Log 28) (7). The worst control method, stamping out in 1 km radius and 5 km radius around the affected farm as Bangladesh has high poultry density (1460 poultry/km2) (8) and culling of large number of birds lead to financial loss of poultry farmer.The following are the items that will need to cypher the prevention and control costs per method1.Islam MR. Global and local challenges in the control of avian influenza. 9th International Poultry Show Seminar Dhaka, Bangladesh World Poultry recognition Association-Bangladesh Branch 2015. p. 5-14.2.Haider M, Applebaum B. Disease Management of Avian Influenza H5N1 in Bangladesh-A Focus on Maintaining Healthy Live Birds INTECH Open Access Publisher 2011.3.icddrb. Backyard poultry acme practices in Bangladesh implications for risk of avian inflenza infection in humans. Health and Science Bulletin 2012101-8.4.Shanta IS, Hasnat MA, Mikolon A, Khan MSU, Haider N, Bh uyan AA, et al. Backyard Poultry Rearing Practices in Bangladesh Implications for Risk of Avian Inflenza. 2012 International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases March 11-14, 2012 Atlanta, Georgia Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2012.5.Sultana R, Rimi NA, Azad S, Islam MS, Khan MSU, Gurley ES, et al. Bangladeshi backyard poultry raisers perceptions and practices related to zoonotic transmission of avian influenza. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2011 20116(02)156-65.6.Vandendriessche Y, Gellynck X, Saatkamp H, Dewulf J, Van Steenwinkel S, Vermeire B, et al. Economic evaluation of strategies to control high pathogenic avian influenza in Belgium. Lucrari stiintifice Seria Zootehnie-Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole si Medicina Veterinara Ion Ionescu de la Brad (Romania). 2010.7.Giasuddin M, Rahman MH, Hasan M, Karim MR. Isolation of Avian Influenza Viruses from Vaccinated Chicken Flocks of Bangladesh. In Husain M, editor. 8th One Health Bangladesh Co nference Dhaka, Banfgladesh scientific Sub-Committee, 8th One Health Bangladesh Conference 2015. p. 7.8.Biswas PK, Christensen JP, Ahmed SSU, Barua H, Das A, Rahman MH, et al. Avian influenza outbreaks in chickens, Bangladesh. Emerging infectious diseases. 2008 200814(12).