Catch Me if You Can by Frank W.

Catch Me if You Can by Frank W. Catch Me if You Can by Frank W. Abagnale is the true story of Frank Abagnale himself, as a real fake. Throughout the book, Abagnale uses several different rhetorical devices, such as foreshadowing, irony, point of view, and importance of title; and raises certain social issues.The title Catch Me if You Can is very important because it is a perfect example of foreshadowing. Frank's first taste of the criminal life occurs at age sixteen. He cons his father out of $3,400. After which, Frank runs away to New York and the con-artistry begins. By impersonating people, Frank gets a thrill and acquires a lot of money. Therefore, Abagnale spends most of his life running from the authorities.The author writes the book in his own point of view, which makes sense because the story is about his own life. By writing of personal experiences, the reader is persuaded to take the book more literally.Frank BoonBecause the book is written about Abagnle himself, the reader gets to know his personal thoug hts and reasoning for his crimes. When Frank cons his father and is caught, his reasoning is evident when he says: "It's the girls, Dad....They do funny things to me. I can't explain it" (17). The reader also gets a better feel of the way Abagnale thinks, and his ability to manipulate others for information. Acting as Bobby Black a high school reporter, Frank interviews a Pan Am pilot and gets all the information he needs: "I was finding a lot of nuggets for my poke" (35). He also gathers information from the women he dates in his present field of work. While the women believe Frank is interested in getting to know them, his real motive is to become as educated as possible.Abagnale uses irony in the book...

Cmo llenar bien la planilla DS-261 para green card

Cmo llenar bien la planilla DS-261 para green card En la tramitacià ³n de las tarjetas de residencia que se hacen a travà ©s del Centro Nacional de visas (NVC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), la planilla DS-261 sirve para designar agente con el que la administracià ³n se va a comunicar. En este mismo formulario DS-261 tambià ©n se designa la direccià ³n de dicho agente, es decir, al lugar donde el NVC enviar las comunicaciones.   En este artà ­culo se explica cundo procede este formulario y en que casos no es necesario. Asimismo, quà © personas pueden ser nombradas como agentes. Tambià ©n se dan importantes consejos sobre como llenarlo y en quà © momento se debe enviar y adà ³nde. Cundo se debe completar el DS-261 Primero hay que esperar a recibir notificacià ³n de que la solicitud de peticià ³n de green card ha sido aprobada, lo cual ya se comunicà ³ mediante el documento conocido como NOA2. Adems, es necesario esperar a que llegue la fecha de prioridad en todos los casos de peticiones de green card dentro de categorà ­as sujetos a mximos por aà ±o fiscal. En estos casos lo aconsejable es consultar todos los meses el Boletà ­n de Visas que publica el Departamento de Estado. Quià ©n puede ser designado como agente La ley permite varias opciones, como por ejemplo, el beneficiario para el que se solicita la tarjeta de residencia, el solicitante, un abogado o incluso un familiar o amigo de confianza. Cundo no es necesario designar a un agente   En 3 casos no es necesario: En primer lugar, en los casos de tarjeta de residencia por adopcià ³n. En segundo lugar, en los casos de peticià ³n para uno mismo. Destacar que esos casos son la excepcià ³n, ya   que en la mayorà ­a de los casos las peticiones las realiza un solicitante que puede ser una empresa o un familiar y a favor de un beneficiario.   Y en tercer lugar, cuando se tiene un abogado que ya envià ³ al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) el formulario G-28, en el que aparece como agente. Cà ³mo llenar la planilla DS-261  (en inglà ©s Choice of Address and Agent) Se llena electrà ³nicamente, para ello  ir a la pgina de internet del Departamento de Estado. Estos son los pasos a seguir: En la là ­nea justo encima de donde pone (Last Name) escribir el apellido (o apellidos)Donde pone (First Name) corresponde el nombre de pilaDonde pone (MI) escribir la inicial del segundo nombre, si se tiene.Por ejemplo, una persona que se llama  Carolina Elvira Vzquez Fernndez tendrà ­a que escribir Vzquez Fernndez   Carolina   E. A continuacià ³n hay cuatro opciones y se  pide que marcar  con una x el cuadradito lo que corresponda al caso. Asà ­: En primer lugar, si se quiere que un abogado o un agente reciba todas las comunicaciones relativas a tu caso, marca la primera opcià ³n, que comienza con las palabras I Appoint. Si esta es la  opcià ³n debe escribirse su nombre completo (name of the person), su nà ºmero de telà ©fono (telephone number), su direccià ³n (street address), su direccià ³n de correo electrà ³nico (email address), su ciudad (city), estado o provincia (state/province), el cà ³digo postal (postal code) y el paà ­s (country). Este abogado o agente puede estar en Estados Unidos o en el extranjero. En segundo lugar, si se quiere  que otra persona que no es el abogado reciba las comunicaciones sobre el caso, entonces marcar con una x la segunda opcià ³n, que es la que empieza con las palabras I do not appoint. En este caso se puede elegir la direccià ³n del solicitante, beneficiario, amigo o familiar. La que resulte ms conveniente sobre todo pensando en cul tiene un servicio de correos ms confiable y quià ©n no piensa mudarse en los siguientes meses.   Donde pone street address hay la opcià ³n de incluir in care of. Esto es porque toda la correspondencia se va a enviar a  nombre del beneficiaroi, pero si en el buzà ³n est el nombre de otra persona, debe incluirse la expresià ³n de In care of y el nombre de esa persona.   En tercer lugar, si ya se ha  recibido tu tarjeta de residencia, por la razà ³n que sea, entonces marcar la tercera opcià ³n, que comienza con I have already legally immigrated to the U.S. Si ese es el caso, incluir el nà ºmero de Alien Registration Number. Por à ºtimo, si ya no se desea emigrar a Estados Unidos, marcar la opcià ³n cuarta, la que dice: I no longer wish to apply for an immigrant visa. Finalmente, firma y fecha el documento, poniendo el mes, dà ­a y aà ±o, en ese orden. Si no se envà ­a el formulario DS-261 en el plazo de 1 aà ±o, el NVC entiende que se ha abandonado la peticià ³n. Consejos a tener en cuenta al completar el formulario En primer lugar, destacar que imprescindible completar el formulario en el idioma inglà ©s. Adems, no se pueden utilizar signos o letras que no existen en esa lengua, por ejemplo, la  ¨Ãƒ ±Ã‚ ¨. Tambià ©n es importante decir que es importante guardar cada poco el formulario segà ºn se va completando, para ello hacer click en la opcià ³n de Save. Si durante ms de 20 minutos no se est activo en la pgina, el sistema se desconecta automticamente, perdià ©ndose todo lo que no haya sido expresamente guardado. Por à ºltimo, mencionar que mentir en un documento migratorio se considera un fraude de ley. Y, si es descubierto, tiene importantes consecuencias para este trmite y cualquier otro.  ¿Dà ³nde se tiene que enviar el formulario DS-261? Darle a submit. Es posible  comunicarse con el Centro Nacional de Visas, si fuera necesario. La à ºnica excepcià ³n son los casos de tarjetas de residencia que se han obtenido al ganar el sorteo de la loterà ­a de visas de la diversidad. En estos casos, comunicarse con el KCC.  ¿Quà © pasa a continuacià ³n? Una vez que el NVC recibe la planilla DS-261, enviar a la direccià ³n que se le dijo en esa planilla una factura para procesar la visa de inmigrante para el esposo que vive fuera de Estados Unidos.   Una vez que se recibe el pago, se recibirn ms instrucciones sobre los documentos a enviar y planillas a llenar y que hay que enviar al NVC como, por ejemplo, la declaracià ³n de sostenimiento econà ³mico, tambià ©n conocido en inglà ©s como affidavit of support. Finalmente se desarrollar una entrevista en un consulado o embajada de los Estados Unidos. Ahà ­ se decidir si se aprueba la visa de inmigrante, que puede negarse por mà ºltiples causas. Si se aprueba, se puede ingresar a Estados Unidos en los siguientes seis meses. El paso por el control migratorio convertir la visa de inmigrante en una tarjeta de residencia, es decir, la green card. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Comparing Mortgage Rates Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparing Mortgage Rates - Research Paper Example Mortgage quotes that are published such as these are usually rates and terms available under the best of circumstance while your rate will vary according to: credit, down payment, house location and size, and your ability to prove income and assets Verbal rates are not a guarantee and you must get a written quote if you want to be assured the rate is ‘locked’ in and you should always get a letter of confirmation of your rate, rates that go up between the start of your mortgage process and the closing date can cost you thousands of dollars over the life of your loan Do not assume that because you are offered at good rate on one type of loan that you will get the same rate on a different type of mortgage Many people do not consider closing costs and fees when shopping for a mortgage Based on the effective annual rate the Lending tree offers the best rate for a fifteen year fixed interest rate loan. This amount is the percentage paid per year on the mortgage over the lifeti me of the loan. AmeriSave offers the lowest effective annual rate on a thirty year mortgage. Paying some of the interest in advance can reduce the accrual over the course of the year. Any fees or penalties that you accrue during the loan are added to the principle and will increase the EAR. These effective annual rates make sense as being the lowest because they are also in line with the lowest rates. Different lenders are able to offer different rates somewhat based on what type of lender they are, a mortgage lender or mortgage broker, each charging a different commission rate on the loan. Mortgage broker do not actually lend money and are used to help an individual find a direct loan, charging the consumer a fee for this service. While this is advantageous in that they will shop many lenders for you in an attempt to gain the best rate you will pay the associated fees, which are usually between 0.5-1 % of the loan value. The difference in rate will have a material impact on the con sumer because the value of the property will either decrease or increase with the market over the course of the loan. Investors may choose 30 year investment mortgages over other options because the value of the dollar while continue to decrease while the investment property and amount of payment remains the same. This is due to inflation of the economy and other market factors. References Today's Rate Results. (2012). Bank of America. Retrieved 2012, from https://www9.bankofamerica.com/home-loans/mortgage-purchase/TodaysRateResults.go?referrer=/home-loans/mortgage-purchase/rates Mortgage - Home Loans - Refinance - Mortgage Refinancing - Mortgage Rates - Home Equity. (2012). Retrieved 2012, from http://www.lendingtree.com/ Mortgage, Refinancing, Home Loan, Mortgage Rates - GMAC Mortgage. (2012). Retrieved 2012, from http://www.gmacmortgage.com/ Chase Mortgages - Home Lending | New or Refinance Mortgage Loans Online. (2012). CHASE Home: Personal Banking | Personal Lending | Retiremen t & Investing | Business Banking. Retrieved 2012,

Letter of Advice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Letter of Advice - Essay Example In verbal communication the person uses the help of his voice to send over messages to the other person whereas non verbal communication is a form in which voice is not used. Non verbal communication includes memos, emails, and other social software as well as eye movement, postures, facial expression, gestures and so on. To develop a perfect sort of communication it is necessary that some elements are kept into view. This brief would further take all these elements into view and provide with the related needs of communication at work and in personal interactions (Taylor 2001). To develop an effective interpersonal communication network it is necessary for the individuals to keep several factors in mind while communicating. In personal relationships, the communication network needs not be formal like letters or memos, yet needs to be perfect in transmitting the messages and views. For instance, if one partner wants to go out, he/she needs to communicate this desire rather than relying on the idea that the other partner will himself/herself identify and fulfill it. To achieve this it is necessary for the person who is communicating to reach clarity. By clarity here it is meant that the person who is communicating should be very clear in stating his thesis of the message. The words chosen by the communicator should be very precise which are clear enough for the other individual’s intellect. Thus it is necessary that the communicator does not drag his message up to critical levels where the other listener gets confused by the message. This confusion ca n therefore lead to several other problems in the relationships (Kelly 1979 & Taylor 2001). Dear Sara and Tim, my advice to you for a successful relationship is to maintain a level of understanding and frankness which allows you to speak out ‘clearly’ your innermost feelings and communicate your expectation without hesitation. The expectations from the other partner to understand the unspoken

Consumer Preference of Brighton & Hove Teenagers on Organic Food Essay Example for Free

Consumer Preference of Brighton Hove Teenagers on Organic Food Essay There have been many studies investigating the influences on consumer purchasing and consumption of organic foods. It has a Journal of the Human Environment that argues that parts of researches have frequently taken the form of asking consumers directly about their reasons for purchase or nonpurchase of organic foods rather than seeking which types of beliefs and attitudes are actually related to purchase or consumption. (Shepherd, Magnusson, Sjoden, 2005) In recent year, other researchers have examined what beliefs and attitudes predict consumption. (Shepherd, Government office for Science, 2011) In several studies, a majority of the customers have a preference for and an interest in organic food. However, â€Å"the proportion of regular purchasers of organic food is low†. (Shepherd, Magnusson, Sjoden, 2005) So, this phenomenon showed a discrepancy between consumers’ attitudes and behavior, which is most of Consumers’ attitude are positively for organic foods, but not often to buy them. It seems the consumers not have a concerned the organic foods become an important purchase criterion. Since the 1920’s, the organic food has first appeared in Europe. (Baourakis, 2004) Until now, even the organic foods not take big market share, but in recent years, according to the British Food Standards Agency said ‘identifies the role that organic food plays in providing choice for customer. ’ (Food Standards Agency, 2011) Lampkin Padel (1994, cited in Baourakis, 2004) researched that consumer demand for organic food increased rapidly, thus, the number of famers increased reasonably, this phenomenon is not only in Europe, but also is in the United States. Problem Statement The problem to be explored is the purchase behavior of teenagers toward organic food in Brighton Hove. As mentioned before, the sales of organic food are increasing in UK. Nevertheless, Non-organic food still dominates in the food market. In addition, while there has some consumers who are already familiar and know with the organic food. It still has many consumers who are not yet know about them. Because of organic food produced without using any artificial chemicals, pesticides or fertilizers, which is better and fresher taste than other nonorganic foods. (Georgiou, 2002) There are different reasons why consumers tend to prefer to buy organic food. To discover the teenagers of Brighton Hove behavior on organic food, these are some of the variables that will be taken into account when do the research, which can separate to extrinsic factors and internal factors. External factors are environment influence, like education level influence, cultural influence, and family influence. Internal factors are product attributes, which are benefits of organic food, like environmentally friendliness, good for animal welfare, taste good and personal health. These may influence consumer buying decision. Research aims and objectives This research aims to explore teenagers’ behavior of Brighton Hove on organic food consumption in their daily life. This research will provide richer and deeper understanding of teenagers’ preference on organic foods and work to specific ages, thus the levels of education and collect the information about why they care about organic food. These research questions to be answered are: †¢Do the teenagers like to buy organic food in Brighton Hove? †¢Do the teenagers choose organic food influenced by environment (i.e. education level, cultural influence or family influence) in Brighton Hove? †¢What causes the teenagers care about organic food (i. e. the environment concern, animal welfare, personal health, taste) in Brighton Hove? In this particular case, it becomes more interesting to be more the teenager maybe will be influence by place cultural. Because Brighton Hove are famous resort which near the sea. Brighton and Hove is the UKs healthiest city that reason is its residents lifestyles, such as cycling to work, do yoga practice, and eating green food according to a study for Sky Travel. (University of sussex, 2010) The intention explore is the future development of organic food in Brighton Hove by asking questions and interview. This paper will propose use deductive way for research on specific consumer behavior on organic foods in Brighton Hove. Anticipated contributions Organic food is green food, these benefits lead to the market share of food were influenced, so, this academic research discuss about purchase behavior of teenagers on organic food consumption in Brighton Hove. Because teenager is our future, from their behavior, we can see the organic food development of Brighton Hove in next 50 years. Until now, it has some research about customer behavior on organic food, however, since there is lack of data for specific group people, like teenager. In this case, Kardes, Cronley, Cline argued that one of the contributions for study consumer behavior is that educate consumers and help them to make a better decision, also can understand make products for consumers actually needed and wanted. This becomes a marketing strategy, this research proposal discovers and satisfies customer needs and wants effectively and beneficial manner, while profiting the long-term interests for business. (Kardes, Cronley, Cline, 2011) Also this research proposal will investigate customer behavior information by primary research and secondary information, analysis the consumer’s performance, which showed the market tendency and understand the rival. It can help companies can get the market share of organic food in the future. Brief Review of Literature Wright Crea (2007) pointed that the UK organic food market rise approximately 10% annually with a value of 2 billion dollars, already become third largest in the world. According government statistics, the multiple supermarket retailers accounted for the major marketing share to the consumer with approximately 73 % of sales. The independent retailers and parts of farmers accounted for consumer 27 % of sales. The box schemes and internet order made up 8 percent. (dardni, 2010) Base on data, organic food is preferred by all age groups because of its health friendly benefits. These contained old people, adults and children. According to statistics, 70 % of the costumers are women, while 30 % are men. 57. 3 % of organic food consumers have job, while 23. 2 % do not have job. (Damin, 2011) Food standards Agency demonstrates that to eat â€Å"organic food is a way to decrease consumption of pesticide residues and additives. † (Food Standards Agency, 2011) Organic procurement reflects consumers are not only care about economic, but also concern with food production link to personal, social and environmental effect. (The Open University, 2006) Lockie argues that no artificial chemicals is one of the key point cause the sale growth of organic product around the world, which reflects people are more interested in personal health and family health, also care about the animal welfare, tradition, environmental protection, food traceability and sustainability. (Lockie, 2006) Food Standards Agency, â€Å"if they think theyre buying food with extra nutritional quality or extra safety. † (Food Standards Agency, 2011)) Stringer and Dennis argued that in UK recent research showed 21 percent of housewives ranked taste over other facts in what they ate in 1998s, while 14 percent of housewives because of health concern for their family and themselves in 1998s. (Stringer Dennis, 2000) According to ACNielsen research, the consumption of organic baby food jumped about 16 percent over the year before in 2005, it nearly double increasing of total organic food consumption. (Working Mother, 2006) In 2008, the Ferrell and Pride searched the mother behavior and investigate the age range from 25 to 40, are more prefer to buy organic food or clothing for their children no matter what their income. (Pride Ferrell, 2008) Mamatha Sarada revealed that child rights attitudes and participation in activities were influenced by their mother. (Mamatha Sarada, 2009) Brozina argued that culture can influence the consumers’ motives for organic food consumption. (Brozina, 2009) Samli argued that consumer behavior was influenced by social class, which related to not only economic well-being, but also other factors, such as education, family background and occupation. Secondly, it influenced by hierarchy of needs, which is more likely to be observed as different degrees of economic development, culture, and social psychology. Thirdly, it influenced by interpersonal influences from group member, like social consumption phenomenon and consumer want to buy luxury make a good impression on others. Fourthly, it depends on affective influences, like emotion. At last, cognitive will be influence the consumers choice, which is how much they know about that product. (Samli, 1995) While consumer express positive perspective on organic food, but it is not likely to expand beyond this niche market in the future, the major reason is premium prices, unless low-input can be made recognisable to consumers. . (Oppapers, 2011) Handlechner argued that organic producers are still only occupying a niche market now. Nevertheless, organic food may be having a larger potential in the future. (Handlechner, 2008) Hypotheses Hypothesis1. I expect that the teenagers in Brighton Hove may be having positive perspective on organic food due to Brighton Hove is a healthiest city. Hypothesis 2: I expect that the teenagers in Brighton Hove might concern about environment issue, animal welfare, and personal health, so they choose the organic food. Hypothesis 3: It is also my prediction that teenagers in Brighton Hove may not interested in organic food due to they do not possess economic income. Hypothesis 4: Maybe they like to buy the organic foods, but for teenager are too expensive that they do not possess enough money to pay for them. Methodology This research adopted the deductive way because the aim proved by separate several research questions that mentioned earlier before. This research design is exploratory due to this research proposal intends to explore the teenagers’ behaviour on organic food through survey in Brighton Hove. This study will consider descriptive because this proposal focus on survey the characteristic of certain group, teenagers. Accordingly, some writers in a journal demonstrated that descriptive study is the researchers are interested to survey a group such as education level, income, age or gender in some situations. (Kumar, Deb, Sinha, Sinha, 2001) The research is also adopt cross sectional because of this study will study in a particular phenomenon and particular time. It has time limited. (Scribd, 2011) Research method Primary research This research can either be qualitative or quantitative. Nevertheless, quantitative research may cover a larger number of populations, which will give generalized statistics results by questionnaire. This qualitative research intends to collect an in-depth understanding of teenagers’ behaviour and the reasons why they have that behaviour. This qualitative research is a non-numerical data collection by interview. Moreover, the qualitative and quantities research method inquires the how and why of decision making by teenagers, not only where, when, what. So, this easy chooses these methods on this particular case studied in order to seek empirical support for this research hypothesis. This research proposal will base on quantitative research due to it will give statistical evidence of data, which can be summarize teenagers behaviour specifically. Questionnaire is my first choice. Concerning the print cost, the questionnaires will be surveyed through email in the internet. The questionnaires will include an introduction that gives clearly explanation of purpose of this study. Furthermore, the questionnaires also will include clearly instructions that give a well-guided to the teenagers. Moreover, it will give clearly question which is easy to teenagers. More specifically, writing the letter to school headmaster get the permission in Brighton Hove. This questionnaire will be taken in the Junior high school and high school in 11th July 2011. This study will be randomly survey 1000 students in junior high school, 500 boys and 500 girls respectively. Other parts are 1000 students in high school, 500 boys and 500 girls. This will be more easily and faster when make analysis the data based on different education level and gender. Also, it will adopt anonymity, in order to keep the private information for teenager. This research proposal also will accord to qualitative research due to it will be get more detail with deeper conversational interview. It will not have predetermined questions are asked, because it can remain more open and adaptable get useful information due to nature and priorities of interview. It can directly get the exactly information for this research. More specifically, the interview will be taking at the school supermarket in Brighton Hove in 19th July 2011. More closely interview the staffs in supermarket in order to understand teenagers’ behaviour by real consumption. Moreover, the interview will be doing at teenagers’ home in 30th July 2011 and in order to have chance to understand their behaviour by face to face talking. It wills choice 10 families in high school, 10 families in junior high school. It could be though this interview can prove whether the teenager preference on organic foods influenced by their family background and mother. Secondary research â€Å"The value of using the secondary data for market research has been substantial throughout history, continues today, and promises to grow in the future. † (Patzer, 1995) Secondary research contains the collation, brief and synthesis of existing research that data is already done by government, company, organization or personal. When this research proposal chooses the secondary data source, it would be have a critical thinking and concern the academic source. Government research data is the good choice for this research. Moreover, Base on the books and journals, summarize others studies and result. It will filter information and get the clearly results. Another research approach would be reputation organization and news website. What is more, May be I can get record data form staff in school supermarket, for instance, it could be get the sales of every year or month in the school. Using the other cities’ secondary data compare with the primary data in Brighton Hove in order to know whether the Brighton Hove culture will influence the teenager behaviour on organic foods. Data Analysis â€Å"Thematic analysis focuses on identifiable themes and patterns of living or behaviour. † (Aronson, 1994) So in this case, the thematic analysis will be used to gather data and analyze them in interview. Moreover, another analysis is the content analysis, which will use in the interview, too. The questionnaire will be collect data by software for statistics, like Excel. Do the diagrams would be use the software, like word. Time chart JuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovember Research for Literature review Formulate research strategy, design and select methods Questionnaire Interviews Field Work/ Data collection Data Analysis Write up Conclusion. This research expects to explore the teenagers’ preference on organic food in Brighton Hove, which can get exactly information to answer the research question. I hope the teenagers will more concern their health and environment and animal in order to develop a sustainable society. The organic food company may take this kind research forward, which will bring long-term benefit if they grasp customer behavior and attitude. Maybe they will not only survey the teenager, but also research the householder behavior and psychology due to they have economic power. Bibliography Aronson, J. (1994). Nova. Retrieved 6 8, 2011, from A Pragmatic View of Thematic Analysis: http://www. nova. edu/ssss/QR/BackIssues/QR2-1/aronson. html Baourakis, G. (2004). Marketing trends for organic food in 21st century. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. Brozina, S. (2009). EuroMed Journal of Business. Cultural influences on motives for organic food consumption , p. 185. Damin. (2011). dissertation. Retrieved 6 5, 2011, from Consumer behavior and organic food dessertation: http://www. dissertation-helper. co. uk/consumer-behavior-organic-food-dissertation/ dardni. (2010). Agriculture and Rural Development. Retrieved 6 5, 2011, from The market for organic products: http://www. dardni. gov. uk/ruralni/index/bussys/organic_production/organic_business_management/marketing. htm Food Standards Agency. (2011). Safe food,better business. Retrieved 5 28, 2011, from Organic food: http://www. food. gov. uk/foodindustry/farmingfood/organicfood/ GeorgiouDunnElisha. (2002). Everything you need to know about organic foods. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. Handlechner, M. (2008). Grin. Retrieved 6 7, 2011, from Organic Food: http://www. grin. com/ Kardes, R. F. , Cronley, L. M. , Cline, W. T. (2011). Consumer Behavior. Cengage Learning. Inc. Kumar, R. , Deb, K. J. , Sinha, B. N. , Sinha, V. K. (2001). Lithium Toxicity. A descriptive study , pp. 52-57. Lockie, S. (2006). Going Oorganic: mobilizing networks for environmentally responsible food production. London. Mamatha, T. , Sarada, D. (2009). Child rights: ICDS programme. Discovery Publishing House PVT. LTD. Oppapers. (2011). Oppapers. Retrieved 6 6, 2011, from Consumer Attitudes and purchase intentions in relation to organic food: http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Consumer-Attitudes-And-Purchase-Intentions-In/307542 PatzerL. Gordon. (1995). Using secondary data in marketing research: United States and worldwide. An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group,Inc. Pride, W. M. , Ferrell, O. C. (2008). Marketing. Yaga Mamas: Todays Choosy Mothers , p. 134. Samli, A. C. (1995). International consumer behavior: its impact on marketing strategy development. An imprint pf Greenwood Publishing Groups,Inc. Scribd. (2011). Scribd. Retrieved 6 7, 2011, from Research Proposal on â€Å"TheConsumer Behavior On MP3Players†: http://www. scribd. com/doc/54718736/Research-Proposal-on-the-Consumer-Behaviour-of-MP3-s Shepherd, R. (2011). Government office for Science. Retrieved 6 8, 2011, from Societal attitudes to different food production models: http://www. bis. gov. uk/Foresight Shepherd, R. , Magnusson, M. , Sjoden, P. -O. (2005). AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment. Determinants of Consumer Behavior Related to Organic Foods , pp. 352-359. Sheth, N. J. (1985). Historical Perspective in Consumer Research: National and International Perspectives. HISTORY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR: A MARKETING PERSPECTIVE , pp. 5-7. StringerMichael, DennisC. (2000). Chilled foods: a comprehensive guide. Woodhead Publishing Limited. The Open University. (2006). Language of Food Politics. Retrieved 5 29, 2011, from Research Report: The Discourse of Organic Food Promotion: language, intentions: http://creet. open. ac. uk/projects/language-of-food-politics/documents/4_organic_food_report. pdf University of sussex. (2010). Sussexsport. Retrieved 6 3, 2011, from Healthy Articles: http://www. sussex. ac. uk/sport/1-4-9. html Working Mother. (2006). Is Organic Food Worth it? Working Mother , 88. Wright, S. , Crea, M. D. (2007). The International Market for Organic and Fair Trade Food and Drink. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Does Congress Have Too Much Power Over Commerce? Essay example -- Cong

Does Congress Have Too Much Power Over Commerce? Works Cited Missing Narrow construction is not found in the Constitution, but the powers granted to Congress to regulate commerce are found. Exactly stated, â€Å"Congress shall have power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes.† This clause has no definite interpretation, but has included many aspects of regulating. The word â€Å"commerce† is defined as the exchange or buying and selling of commodities on a large scale involving transportation from place to place (Webster 264). Congress has exercised this delegated power in many cases. The nature and basic guidelines of Congress’ power over commerce is first laid out in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden. In addition, the case United States v. Lopez is a prime example of Congress’ ability to carry out the Commerce Clause to the furthest extent. Lastly, the case National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation brings to light the Wagner Act of 1935. T hrough a review of these three cases, it can be concluded that there are no real limitations on Congress when regulating commerce. The Constitution of the United States explicates the enumerated powers that the people have granted to their public administration. A narrow interpretation of the Constitution would mean denying the government the powers granted to them to keep order, equality, and fairness. An expanded interpretation would â€Å"extend words beyond their natural and obvious import, and we might question the application of the term†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (244). It is the government’s responsibility to exercise powers that cannot be exercised by its governed people. There are no guidelines in the Constitution’s composition that discloses how to interpret the language; therefore, it is in the hands of three federal branches of government to decipher the Constitutions meaning. A historical case that first outlined Congress’ commerce power was Gibbons v. Ogden. The courts acted here, in view of commerce, to stretch the interpretation of what was considered to be within its limits. In 1807, steam navigation became productive way of doing things. Robert Fulton was the first to make the voyage from New York to Albany by steamboat. Fulton and his partner, Robert R. Livingston, were granted special operating rights and a â€Å"five-year extension to his monopoly, wh... ...s on the Government’s power. It is the supreme law and any act that is inconsistent with it is null. The respondent’s argument that the Act â€Å"exceeds the authority of Congress† is a weak argument, which can be disproved by the Constitution, itself. Congress must be able to exercise stretching its powers in order to insure the safety of the economy. According to law, Congress must â€Å"regulate commerce.† Some individuals might feel that the Government possesses too much power, but it is necessary for them to have it. Without it, our Government would be weak and subject to failure. State legislature acts should be unconstitutional if they interfere with interstate commerce. If not, we are giving more power to our states than our Government. Congress’ power to legislate control over public schools is constitutional because it is a power delegated to them. Regulation of activities in and affecting commerce does include carrying a handgun to school. The action of bringing it does directly violate the Gun Free School Zone Act, which the Federal Government made a federal offense. Congress analyzes activities in a broad sense so that in the end, they do what is best for every individual.

Literature Survey of Methods of Data Encryption

Chapter 2 LITERATURE SURVEY This chapter deals with the assorted documents that is been referred in order to implement this undertaking. It address the techniques that has been implemented in order to supply the security and the privateness for the information has to be stored on to the cloud. The below subdivision shows the antecedently used techniques. [ 1 ] This paper tells about the Providing secure and ei ¬?cient entree to big graduated table outsourced information is an of import constituent of cloud calculating. In this paper, we propose a mechanism to work out this job in owner-write-users-read applications. We propose to code every information block with a dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent key so that i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible cryptography-based entree control can be achieved. Through the acceptance of cardinal derivation methods, the proprietor needs to keep merely a few secrets. Analysis shows that the cardinal derivation process utilizing hash maps will present really limited calculation operating expense. We propose to utilize over-encryption and/or lazy annulment to forestall revoked users from acquiring entree to updated information blocks. We design mechanisms to manage both updates to outsourced informations and alterations in user entree rights. We investigate the operating expense and safety of the proposed attack, and survey mechanism s to better informations entree ei ¬?ciency. [ 2 ] Online personal wellness record ( PHR ) enables patients to pull off their ain medical records in a centralised manner, which greatly facilitates the storage, entree and sharing of personal wellness informations. With the outgrowth of cloud computer science, it is attractive for the PHR service suppliers to switch their PHR applications and storage into the cloud, in order to bask the elastic resources and cut down the operational cost. However, by hive awaying PHRs in the cloud, the patients lose physical control to their personal wellness informations, which makes it necessary for each patient to code her PHR information earlier uploading to the cloud waiters. Under encoding, it is disputing to accomplish i ¬?ne-grained entree control to PHR informations in a scalable and ei ¬?cient manner. For each patient, the PHR informations should be encrypted so that it is scalable with the figure of users holding entree. Besides, since there are multiple proprietors ( patients ) in a PHR system and every proprietor would code her PHR i ¬?les utilizing a dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent set of cryptanalytic keys, it is of import to cut down the cardinal distribution complexness in such multi-owner scenes. Existing cryptographic enforced entree control strategies are largely designed for the single-owner scenarios. In this paper, we propose a fresh model for entree control to PHRs within cloud calculating environment. To enable i ¬?ne-grained and scalable entree control for PHRs, we leverage attribute based encoding ( ABE ) techniques to code each patients’ PHR information. To cut down the cardinal distribution complexness, we divide the system into multiple security spheres, where each sphere manages merely a subset of the users. In this manner, each patient has full control over her ain privateness, and the cardinal direction complexness is reduced dramatically. Our proposed strategy is besides i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible, in that it supports ei ¬?cient and on-demand annulment of user entree rights, and break-glass entree under exigency scenarios. [ 3 ] Attribute-based encoding ( ABE ) is a new vision for public cardinal encoding that allows users to code and decode messages based on user properties. For illustration, a user can make a ciphertext that can be decrypted merely by other users with properties fulfilling ( â€Å"Faculty† OR ( â€Å"PhD Student† AND â€Å"Quals Completed† ) ) . Given its expressiveness, ABE is presently being considered for many cloud storage and calculating applications. However, one of the chief efficiency drawbacks of ABE is that the size of the ciphertext and the clip required to decode it grows with the complexness of the entree expression. In this work, we propose anew paradigm for ABE that mostly eliminates this operating expense for users. Suppose that ABE ciphertexts are stored in the cloud. We show how a user can supply the cloud with a individual transmutation key that allows the cloud to interpret any ABE ciphertext satisi ¬?ed by that user’s attributes into a ( constant-size ) El Gamal-style ciphertext, without the cloud being able to read any portion of the user’s messages. To exactly dei ¬?ne and show the advantages of this attack, we provide new security dei ¬?nitions for both CPA and replayable CCA security with outsourcing, several new buildings, an execution of our algorithms and elaborate public presentation measurings. In a typical coni ¬?guration, the user saves signii ¬?cantly on both bandwidth and decoding clip, without increasing the figure of transmittals. [ 4 ] We consider the job of building a secure cloud storage service to which users outsource sensitive informations for sharing with others where, in peculiar, the service supplier is non wholly trusted by the client. Cloud storage service denotes an architectural displacement toward thin clients and handily centralized proviso of both calculating and storage resources. When using cloud storage for secure informations sharing, one of the chief motivation jobs of this architecture is supplying thin clients with both strong informations coni ¬?dentiality and i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible i ¬?ne-grained entree control without enforcing extra cost on them ( clients ) . To accomplish this end, we propose a fresh information sharing protocol by uniting and working two of the latest property based cryptanalytic techniques, attribute-based encoding ( ABE ) and attribute-based signature ( ABS ) . Furthermore, we besides give a elaborate comparing of our strategy with several latest bing strategies. [ 5 ] Ciphertext-Policy Attribute Based Encryption ( CP-ABE ) is a promising cryptanalytic primitive for i ¬?ne-grained entree control of shared informations. In CP-ABE, each user is associated with a set of properties and informations are encrypted with entree constructions on properties. A user is able to decode a ciphertext if and merely if his properties satisfy the ciphertext entree construction. Beside this basic belongings, practical applications normally have other demands. In this paper we focus on an of import issue of attribute annulment which is cumbrous for CP-ABE strategies. In peculiar, we resolve this ambitious issue by sing more practical scenarios in which semi-trustable online placeholder waiters are available. As compared to bing strategies, our proposed solution enables the authorization to revoke user properties with minimum ei ¬Ã‹â€ ort. We achieve this by unambiguously incorporating the technique of proxy re-encryption with CP-ABE, and enable the authoriza tion to depute most of arduous undertakings to proxy waiters. Formal analysis shows that our proposed strategy is demonstrably unafraid against chosen ciphertext onslaughts. In add-on, we show that our technique can besides be applicable to the Key-Policy Attribute Based Encryption ( KP-ABE ) opposite number. [ 6 ] Data entree control is an effectual manner to guarantee informations security in the cloud. However, due to data outsourcing and untrusted cloud waiters, the informations entree control becomes a ambitious issue in cloud storage systems. Existing entree control strategies are no longer applicable to overcast storage systems, because they either produce multiple encrypted transcripts of the same information or necessitate a to the full trusted cloud waiter. CiphertextPolicy Attribute- based Encryption ( CP-ABE ) is a promising technique for entree control of encrypted information. However, due to the inefi ¬?ciency of decoding and annulment, bing CPABE strategies can non be straight applied to build informations entree control strategy for multi-authority cloud storage systems, where users may keep properties from multiple governments. In this paper, we propose DAC-MACS ( Data Access Control for Multi-Authority Cloud Storage ) , an effectual and unafraid informations entree control strategy with efi ¬?cient decoding and annulment. Specii ¬?cally, we construct a new multi-authority CP-ABE strategy with efi ¬?cient decoding, and besides plan an efi ¬?cient property annulment method that can accomplish both forward security and backward security. We further suggest an extended informations entree control strategy ( EDAC-MACS ) , which is unafraid under weaker security premises. [ 7 ] We propose a new theoretical account for informations storage and entree in clouds. Our scheme avoids hive awaying multiple encrypted transcripts of same informations. In our model for secure informations storage, cloud shops encrypted informations ( without being able to decode them ) . The chief freshness of our theoretical account is add-on of cardinal distribution centres ( KDCs ) . We propose DACC ( Distributed Access Control in Clouds ) algorithm, where one or more KDCs distribute keys to informations proprietors and users. KDC may supply entree to peculiar i ¬?elds in all records. Therefore, a individual key replaces separate keys from proprietors. Owners and users are assigned certain set of properties. Owner encrypts the information with the properties it has and shops them in the cloud. The users with fiting set of properties can recover the information from the cloud. We apply attribute-based encoding based on bilinear couplings on elliptic curves. The strategy is collusion secure ; two users can non together decrypt any informations that none of them has single right to entree. DACC besides supports annulment of users, without redistributing keys to all the users of cloud services. We show that our attack consequences in lower communicating, calculation and storage operating expenses, compared to bing theoretical accounts and strategies. [ 8 ] Ciphertext Policy Attribute Based Encryption ( CPABE ) enables users’ encoding with an entree construction while delegating decoding capableness in conformity with attribute sets. In this paper, we study central-control annulment in CPABE environment, where the proposed key coevals, encoding and decoding algorithms closely comply with CPABE theoretical account, and cardinal update algorithm is developed. In add-on, we inherit the most efi ¬?cient annulment techniques to better the efi ¬?ciency of our cardinal update algorithm. With our strategy, users can remain attribute anon. while being associated with a alone identii ¬?er in system manager’s position, hence revoking malicious users’ decoding capablenesss harmonizing to their alone identii ¬?ers would non impact honest users’ decoding. Our strategy can be proved chosen plaintext secure based on Decisional Bilinear Difi ¬?e-Hellman ( DBDH ) premise in the standard theoretical account. We besides provide efi ¬?ciency analysis and some extensions including deputation capableness and chosen ciphertext security. [ 9 ] Secure outsourcing of calculation to an untrusted ( cloud ) service supplier is going more and more of import. Pure cryptanalytic solutions based on to the full homomorphic and verii ¬?able encoding, late proposed, are assuring but sui ¬Ã‹â€ er from really high latency. Other proposals perform the whole calculation on tamper-proof hardware and normally sui ¬Ã‹â€ er from the the same job. Trusted computer science ( TC ) is another assuring attack that uses trusted package and hardware constituents on calculating platforms to supply utile mechanisms such as attestation leting the information proprietor to verify the unity of the cloud and its calculation. However, on the one manus these solutions require trust in hardware ( CPU, trusted calculating faculties ) that are under the physical control of the cloud supplier, and on the other manus they still have to confront the challenge of run-time attestation. In this paper we focus on applications where the latency of the calculation should be minimized, i.e. , the clip from subjecting the question until having the result of the calculation should be every bit little as possible. To accomplish this we show how to unite a sure hardware item ( e.g. , a cryptanalytic coprocessor or provided by the client ) with Secure Function Evaluation ( SFE ) to calculate arbitrary maps on secret ( encrypted ) informations where the calculation leaks no information and is verii ¬?able. The item is used in the apparatus stage merely whereas in the time-critical online stage the cloud computes the encrypted map on encrypted informations utilizing symmetric encoding primitives merely and without any interaction with other entities. [ 10 ] The cardinal barrier to widespread consumption of cloud computer science is the deficiency of trust in clouds by possible clients. While preventative controls for security and privateness steps are actively being researched, there is still small focal point on investigator controls related to overcast answerability and auditability. The complexness ensuing from the sheer sum of virtualization and informations distribution carried out in current clouds has besides revealed an pressing demand for research in cloud answerability, as has the displacement in focal point of client concerns from waiter wellness and use to the unity and safety of end-users ‘ informations. This paper discusses cardinal challenges in accomplishing a sure cloud through the usage of investigator controls, and presents the TrustCloud model, which addresses answerability in cloud calculating via proficient and policy-based attacks. [ 11 ] We introduce a new and various cryptanalytic primitive called Attribute-Based Signatures ( ABS ) , in which a signature attests non to the individuality of the person who endorsed a message, but alternatively to a ( perchance composite ) claim sing the properties she posseses. ABS oi ¬Ã‹â€ ers: – A strong unforgeability warrant for the verii ¬?er, that the signature was produced by a individual party whose properties satisfy the claim being made ; i.e. , non by a collusion of persons who pooled their properties together. – A strong privateness warrant for the signer, that the signature reveals nil about the individuality or properties of the signer beyond what is explicitly revealed by the claim being made. We officially dei ¬?ne the security demands of ABS as a cryptanalytic primitive, and so depict an ei ¬?cient ABS building based on groups with bilinear couplings. We prove that our building is secure in the generic group theoretical account. Finally, we illustrate several applications of this new tool ; in peculiar, ABS i ¬?lls a critical security demand in attribute-based messaging ( ABM ) systems. A powerful characteristic of our ABS building is that unlike many other attribute-based cryptanalytic primitives, it can be readily used in a multi-authority scene, wherein users can do claims affecting combinations of properties issued by independent and reciprocally mistrusting governments. [ 12 ] The secured informations sharing is provided between the information proprietor and user based on the user’s properties. It achieves more secure and all right grained informations entree control in the informations sharing system. Data security is the cardinal concern in the distributed system. Cryptanalytic methods are used to implement the entree policies of users. But here the cardinal coevals centre ( escrow ) can obtain the messages directing between the users by bring forthing the private key. This is referred as Key escrow job. This job can be solved by escrow free key coevals utilizing 3PC ( Three Party Computation ) . Thus the proposed system gives the greater public presentation and security to the distributed informations sharing system. [ 13 ] This paper proposes aâ€Å"Mesh Signatures†which defines the mesh signature primitive as an anon. signature similar in spirit to pealing signatures, but with a much richer linguistic communication for showing signer ambiguity. The linguistic communication can stand for complex entree constructions, and in peculiar allows single signature constituents to be replaced with complete certification ironss. Because keep backing one’s public key from position is no longer a shield against being named as a possible cosigner, mesh signatures may be used as a ring signature with mandatory registration. We give an efficient building based on bilinear maps in the common random threading theoretical account. Our signatures have additive size, achieve everlasting perfect namelessness, and cut down to really efficient ring signatures without random prophets as a particular instance. Mesh signatures generalise this impression to monotone entree constructions represent able as a t ree, whose interior node are And, Or, and Threshold Gatess.

The Effects of Underage Drinking and Driving While

The Effects of Underage Drinking and Driving While Under the Influence Heather Herrick Dr. Hawkins ENC1101 November 27, 2012 ABSTRACT: Underage drinking is one of the biggest problems in society today (â€Å"Enforcing†). Throughout childhood, the brain is making changes that assist in planning, decision making, controlling impulses, memory, speech and also how the body responds to drugs and alcohol (â€Å"NIAAA†).Not only does underage drinking cause problems with brain development and unprotected sex, but it also causes various fatalities. The purpose for this research is to help prevent underage drinking and driving while under the influence of alcohol and to reduce the number of fatalities not only in Volusia County but also throughout the United States. According to the West Volusia Beacon, bars and restaurants in downtown Deland were caught selling to people under the age of 21.Since then, the City Commission has passed an ordinance to penalize any bar or restauran t that is caught with five or more people under the age of 21 inside their facility after nine o’clock within a three month period, or if there are five or more people who are underage caught with a drink in their hand. Bar and restaurant owners agree that underage drinking has a negative effect on their business. Older folk don’t want to be surrounded by a college â€Å"frat-boy† atmosphere and that is why they stay away from the downtown area.Officials believe that if penalties are executed and enforced the right way that is the only way this ordinance will work (Horton). Nationally, making new laws and better enforcing older laws by using the EUDL (Enforcing Underage Drinking Laws) have helped prevent underage drinking. According to the Center for Science in the Public Interest, Congress created this program in 1998 along with the MLDA-21 and Zero Tolerance Laws, which prohibit the sale and possession of alcohol to anyone under the age of 21.These laws also h elp prevent the amount of drivers on the road with a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) level of . 08 and above which has significantly decreased the number of fatal car accidents by a combined 58 percent (â€Å"Enforcing†). Other laws prohibit anyone under the age of 21 from altering or borrowing from a driver’s license from someone to make it appear as if they are 21, carry alcohol in their car or on their body on any street, highway or public place or be in a bar while under the influence of alcohol.A program called the â€Å"Midwestern Prevention Program† combines strategies to help educate children of how harmful drugs and alcohol can be, how to identify social encounters where drugs and alcohol may be involved and how to avoid such situations through extracurricular activities, the amount of alcohol advertising children are exposed to, prevention programs where both families and the community are involved and changing and creating new policies such as the minimum drinking age and other laws (â€Å"Other Laws†).The survey conducted with the students at Deland High School gives a general estimate of how often teenagers in high school consume alcohol, where they get alcohol from, if their parents support their drinking habits, if they drive after drinking and includes a written response from the teenagers about the reasons behind why they drink. The conclusion made from the survey is that most children are likely to try alcohol or drink regularly while in high school. However, it is their parents who have an overall effect on how much their children drink.These results show that more study should be conducted on the overall effects and experiences caused by underage drinking. INTRODUCTION: As the years have passed, underage drinking has become a bigger and bigger problem. Nationwide there are an estimated 10. 8 million underage drinkers. Forty percent of those 10. 8 million were provided free alcohol by someone 21 or older. Annually, 15 percent of the total alcohol consumed in the United States is consumed by people ages 12-21 (â€Å"Other Laws†) and 9. 4 percent have an alcohol abuse disorder (â€Å"Nationwide†).In just one year, problems caused by underage drinking cost the citizens of the United States 60. 3 billion dollars (â€Å"Enforcing†). In 2007, specifically in Florida, underage drinking cost the state $4. 5 billion in medical bills and property damage (â€Å"Florida’s†) and out of the 4,915 car accidents in Volusia County alone last year, 679 were caused by alcohol (â€Å"FloridaCHARTS†). Risking children’s health and futures, underage drinking is responsible for over 5,000 deaths annually throughout the United States.Alcohol is the most commonly used and abuse drug since it isn’t very difficult to obtain. Fueling the fire of underage drinking is lack of parental guidance (â€Å"New†); in a survey given by Nationwide Insurance to 2,006 Ameri can households over the phone, the results show that 57 percent believe that parents have the biggest impact on whether their children drink alcohol, 16 percent think it is okay for parents to supervise a party where there is alcohol being consumed by minors and 8 percent believe it is okay for adults to provide their children with alcohol (â€Å"Statistics†).Although there are programs and laws in action to reduce the occurrence of underage drinking, they aren’t being enforced or publicized like they should be. For example, in Tallahassee Florida, the Tallahassee Police Department has been cracking down on underage drinking at nearby universities such as: Florida State, Florida A&M and Tallahassee Community College, along with anyone else under the age of 21 with a drink in their hand. These actions are also similar to the ones being taken in Deland Florida (Horton).The first time being caught drinking under the age of 21, the offender is charged with a second-degree misdemeanor and may also be put into a diversion program by a judge, the second time the person will be charged with a first-degree misdemeanor, given jail time for up to a year and receive fines up to $1,000 (â€Å"City†). Although, in Tallahassee, a college town where some students drink or have been drinking since before college, Florida State University is considered the most â€Å"raging party scene† out of all the colleges in Florida according to CollegeProwler. om (â€Å"Rankings†) and even though law enforcement can slightly reduce the amount of underage drinking, it will be more than a challenge to completely put a stop to it. PLANNED OBSERVATION: There are many rumors and expectations of what goes on at high school parties. So, upon invitation I attended a high school Halloween party (strictly for research) to observe and record the social surroundings before, during and after a person under the age of 21 participates in underage drinking and to also s ee what different kinds of injuries, accidents, and other activities can occur when teenagers consume amounts of alcohol.Upon pulling into the driveway, there were 30-40 cars were parked on the front lawn along with cars parked along the sides of the road. The girl and her mother, who were hosting the party, were in the front yard directing people where to park. In the backyard there were multiple groups of teenagers numbering about five of six to a group dressed in their costumes and most holding drinks in their hands. While walking around the backyard, I talked with a few of the partygoers. â€Å"So what brought you here tonight? † I asked one boy I approached.Sounding heavily intoxicated he replied, â€Å"I’m here to have a good time and get f****d up! † while walking to the back porch of the house. To my left there were two girls competing to see who could do the most back handsprings in a row. The first girl completed five back handsprings. The second compl eted seven, but upon landing her seventh flip she cut her foot open on a shattered glass bottle that was in the grass she was tumbling on. The main focus of this observation was having a conversation with the mother who was hosting the party.During the conversation I asked what motivated her to throw this party. â€Å"To make my daughter happy. † she said. â€Å"Honestly, my daughter has never really been one of the popular girls in school. There has been times where she has come home crying because kids have picked on her†¦ When she asked me if she could throw a Halloween party I didn’t say yes immediately, it definitely took some convincing but I figured it would make her happy and other children like her. † The next question I asked her was how she planned on handling all the teens that planned on drinking and then leaving afterwards.She said, â€Å"If anyone has had any amount of alcohol at my house they are not leaving. Upon entering my home I made ev eryone, whether they planned on drinking or not, give me his or her keys and no one will be allowed to leave unless they have a parent picking them up or if they have a designated driver. If they don’t have either of those, they’re staying the night here. † SURVEYING HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS: A survey containing 13 questions was conducted to discover how often underage drinking occurs among the students at Deland High School.The survey also collects information about where teenagers get their alcohol from, how their parents feel about underage drinking, why they drink, and if they’ve ever driven after drinking or ridden with someone who was under the influence of alcohol. A total of 75 surveys were given to students with ages ranging from thirteen to seventeen in the Deland High School cafeteria. The first and second questions on the survey ask if they’re a boy or girl to see whether more males or females take part in underage drinking, forty-five boys and thirty girls were surveyed.The second question asks their age to see if as the students get older if more of them participate in underage drinking. One 13 year old, five 14 year olds, thirty-two 15 year olds, twenty-six 16 year olds, and eleven 17 year olds were interviewed. The third question asked is â€Å"Have you ever drunk any amount of alcohol before? Yes/No†. Forty of the forty-five boys surveyed answered yes and 21 of the 30 girls answered yes as well. Although there were more boys than girl surveyed, it is obvious that the amount of boys who drink exceeds the number of girls, meaning boys are more likely to participate in underage drinking than girls. Have you ever driven after drinking? Yes/No† was the fourth question asked. Eleven boys answered yes, the remaining answered no. Fifteen girls answered yes, eleven answered no and the remaining four did not answer the question. The results from this question were surprising in both a good and bad way. Half of the girls admitted to driving after consuming some amount of alcohol. Whereas only a quarter of the boys surveyed answered no, that they had never drove after drinking.Question number five was a joint question with the question before asking â€Å"If not, have you ever ridden with someone after they had been drinking? † Twenty-six boys answered yes, the remaining nineteen answered no and twenty-two of the thirty-answered yes. These results show that even if some teens weren’t operating a vehicle after consuming alcohol, they were in a vehicle with someone who was under the influence of alcohol that could have led to a car accident involving not only themselves, but also one or more drivers on the road at that time.The sixth question asked was â€Å"Where do you drink most often? (Choose all the apply)† the students put and â€Å"X† or a check mark next to parties, a friend’s house or at home. Between boys and girls, a total of forty-eight said they have drank at parties, thirty-four say they have drank at a friend’s house and thirty have drank in their own home. â€Å"Where do you usually get your alcohol? † was the next question. The students put an â€Å"X† or a check mark next to friends, family, store, fake I. D. and/or stranger and chose all that applied.The results of this question show that forty-three students get their alcohol from a friend, twenty-four receive alcohol from one or more of their family members, twenty-seven buy alcohol from a store that sells to underage persons, two use a fake I. D. to purchase alcohol and ten have a complete stranger buy alcohol for them. This questions purpose is to show how easy it is for a person under the age of 21 to buy or receive alcohol and how common it is for someone 21 or over to provide minors with alcohol.Question eight asks, â€Å"Do your parents allow you to drink? Yes/No† twenty-one of the thirty girls and thirty-four of the forty-five boy s surveyed answered no that their parents do not allow them to drink. After comparing these results with the results from the third question asked on the survey, it’s obvious that most parents are unaware of their children’s participation in underage drinking and any other participation in dangerous activity such as driving under the influence, unprotected sex, etc. ifty-seven of the seventy-five students surveyed admitted to having one or more drinks of alcohol in their life, however, fifty-five of those fifty-seven parents do not allow their children to drink but they do it anyway. Question number nine asks â€Å"how many times have you drunk any amount of alcohol? † the students answered on a scale of 0, 1-5, 5-10, 10-15 and too many to count. Twenty-eight students answered 1-5 times, eleven answered 5-10 times, four answered 10-15, twenty-four answered too many times to count, five answered 0 and three didn’t put an answer at all.Continuing from the p revious question, number ten asks, â€Å"Out of those times, how many times have you been â€Å"drunk†? †. Twenty-three students answered every time, six answered 6-10 times, nineteen answered 1-5 times and twenty-two answered that they had never been â€Å"drunk† after consuming alcohol. Question 11 asks â€Å"Have your parents ever provided you with transportation after a night of drinking? † twenty-one answered yes while the remaining fifty-one answered no and three did not put an answer. The results from this question provide valuable information about the role parent’s play in a child’s participation and opinion on underage drinking.The next question asked â€Å"Do you think underage drinking is a severe problem in today’s society? † forty-five students answered yes, they do think it is a problem. The remaining thirty answered no they don’t think it is a severe problem. This question shows that even though more than half of the students surveyed believe underage drinking is a problem, 84 percent still drink. The last question was a written response which asked the students â€Å"Why do you drink? † twenty-seven answered, â€Å"to have fun†, eight said, â€Å"peer pressure† or â€Å"to fit in†, five said depression, and five answered, â€Å"to get drunk†.The remaining students didn’t answer or answered that they don’t drink. The overall discovery made by this survey is that most teenagers in high school are likely to drink based on their parents opinions on drinking, how easily and where they can access alcohol, and for social and emotional reasons as well. Although the survey shows that boys are more likely to drink than girls, the girls who do drink are more likely to drive after drinking which raises the chance of car accidents involving not only that person but one or more people in the cars surrounding them.Another surprising result of this survey was discovering where teens get their alcohol from, in a brief conversation with one of the people interviewed; they said, â€Å"Yeah, alcohol is definitely not as hard to get ahold of as it should be. There are a couple gas stations in Deland that will practically sell (alcohol) to anyone; they’d probably even sell to an infant just as long as they’re making a buck. † After asking another student where someone would get alcohol if there weren’t gas stations that sold to minors, they said: â€Å"They would probably get it from someone who is 21 or older, like family or friends.I know people who pay random people in parking lots to go buy alcohol for them. † Upon request, the names of these students will not be revealed; however, the information from these quotes verifies that teens have no trouble accessing alcohol which helps prevent their parents from finding out. RESULTS: This project was conducted to research how common drinking is among high school students, what scenarios influence children to take part in underage drinking, and what actions are being taken to help put a stop to underage drinking.Nationwide, approximately 5,000 people under the age of 21 die every year from alcohol related causes (â€Å"Underage Drinking†). Problems resulting from underage drinking are various fatalities, unwanted or unprotected sex, and disruption of brain development, lack of participation in school, legal problems and numerous physical injuries. Organizations such as the NIAAA and SAMHSA provide help, guidance and information to those who struggle with alcohol abuse and other drug problems. Programs started by these organizations help cure and reduce substance abuse and mental illness all over America.Conclusions from this survey show that many parents are unaware of their children’s participation in underage drinking, although some parents agree with the statement that they would rather â€Å"have their childre n drink in their home where they can be supervised rather than in a random place where there is little to no supervision†. These parents are the ones who support their children’s drinking habits by buying them alcohol, providing transportation and hosting parties where people from the ages of 12 to 21 engage in underage drinking.A survey given to the students at Deland High School shows that most students participate in underage drinking, however, a large percentage of the students who drink also agree that underage drinking is one of the biggest problems in society today. The survey also provides information about where or who supplies them with alcohol and how easy it is for them to obtain. The planned observation portion of this project brings to light the support of underage drinking provided by parents and also the dangerous events that can lead to injuries and even death while a minor is under the influence of alcohol.Overall, what was learned from this research i s that underage drinking is a growing problem in today’s society. It is the cause for thousands of deaths not only in Volusia County or the state of Florida, but also throughout the United States. This research displays how often underage drinking occurs in just one city, not including the rest of Florida and what actions can be taken to reduce and possibly even abolish underage drinking altogether. WORKS CITED â€Å"Enforcing Underage Drinking Laws. † CSPI Alcohol Policy. Web. 10 Oct. 012 â€Å"FloridaCHARTS. com-Florida Health Statistics and Community Health Data. † Florida Department of Health. Web. 10 Oct. 2012 â€Å"Official Website Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles. † Web. 10. Oct. 2012 â€Å"New Nationwide Report Estimates That 40 Percent of Underage Drinkers Received Free Alcohol From Adults Over 21. † SAMHSA. 28. June. 2008. Web. 10 Oct. 2012 â€Å"Florida’s Enforcement of Underage Drinking. † Moses & Ro oth, Attorneys at Law. N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. â€Å"Other Laws. † Laws RegardingDrugs, Alcohol and Driving. Web. 10 Oct. 2012 â€Å"Underage Drinking & the Law. † Underage Drinking & the Law. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Oct. â€Å"City Cracks down on Underage Drinking. † The Famuan. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. â€Å"College Rankings – Most Raging Party Scene in Florida. † College Prowler. N. p. , n. d. Web Horton, Jen. â€Å"DeLand Cracks down on Underage Drinking – The West Volusia Beacon. † Deland Cracks down on Underage Drinking – The West Volusia Beacon. The West Volusia Beacon, 15 July 2009. Web. 07 Nov. 2012.

Equality Beetween the sexes.

Equality Beetween the sexes. Equality between the sexesA long time ago ancient societies across the globe worshiped great mother goddesses. Women in communities like ancient Egypt and Babylon held high office as queens or priestesses and the ordinary women below them had great domestic and financial independence, often owning their own money and land. In Sparta in ancient Greece women owned two thirds of the land.With the rise of religions like chritianatiy Judaism and Islam, goddess worship was suppressed and the pagan temples demolished. Since then we have lived in very much a mans world. The history of this world has usually focused on famous and important men.Now in the 21st century although it is still very much a mans world with sexual discrimination and bias, there are feminist groups around the world around the western world, feminists believe that behind most every great man there is a greater woman, i.e.United StatesHillary Clinton she exerted her power through her husband and many believe that she was the brains behind the man, I mean a man that thinks he can lie to a nation, full of phycologist's and things cant possibly have had the brain power to govern a nation alone.Many would think that maybe now in this day and age we do have equality between the sexes. But just look at how many things there are that point to the fact that we are far from it. Women do twice the work as men to get paid half the money. Many think it is unacceptable that a mother works while a father stays home/ not to mention the countries and religions that forbid women to work. Speak to men other than their fathers and husbands and/or show their face in public, furthermore have you heard a blonde joke that...

Understanding the Visible Learning Theory

Understanding the Visible Learning Theory Educators struggle with a number of questions regarding teaching methods, including: What educational policies have the greatest impact on students?What influences students to achieve?What are best practices for teachers yield the best results? Roughly 78 billion is the estimated dollar amount invested in education by the United States according to market analysts (2014). So, understanding how well this enormous investment in education is working requires a new kind of calculation in order to answer these questions. Developing that new kind of calculation is where Australian educator and researcher John Hattie has focused his research. In his inaugural lecture at the University of Auckland as far back as 1999, Hattie  announced the three principles that would guide his research: We need to make relative statements about what impacts on student work;We need estimates of magnitude as well as statistical significance – it is not good enough to say that this works because lots of people use it etc., but that this works because of the magnitude of impact;We need to be building a model based on these relative magnitudes of effects. The model he proposed in that lecture has grown to become a ranking system of influencers and their effects in education using meta-analyses, or groups of studies, in education. The meta-analyses he used came from all over the globe, and his method in developing the ranking system was first explained with the publication of his book Visible Learning in 2009. Hattie noted that the title of his book was selected to help teachers become evaluators of their own teaching† with the objective of giving teachers a better understanding of the positive or negative effects on student learning: Visible Teaching and Learning occurs when teachers see learning through the eyes of students and help them become their own teachers. The Method Hattie used the data from multiple meta-analyses in order to get a pooled estimate or measure of an effect on student learning. For example, he used sets of meta-analyses on the effect of vocabulary programs on student learning as well as  sets of meta-analyses on the effect of preterm birth weight on student learning. Hatties system of gathering data from multiple educational studies and reducing that data into pooled estimates allowed him to rate the different influences on student learning according to their effects in the same manner, whether they show negative  effects or positive effects. For example, Hattie ranked studies that showed the effects of classroom discussions, problem-solving, and acceleration as well as studies that showed the impact of retention, television, and summer vacation on student learning. In order to categorize these effects  by  groups, Hattie organized the influences into six areas: The studentThe homeThe schoolThe curriculaThe teacherTeaching and learning approaches Aggregating the data that was generated from these meta-analyses, Hattie determined the size of the effect each influence had on student learning. The size effect could be numerically converted for purposes of comparison, for example, an influencer’s effect size of 0 shows that the influence has no effect on student achievement. The greater the size of the effect, the greater the influence. In the 2009 edition of Visible Learning,  Hattie suggested that an effect size of 0,2 could be relatively small, while an effect size of 0,6 could be large. It was the effect size of 0,4, a numerical conversion that Hattie termed as his â€Å"hinge point,† that became the effect size average. In the 2015  Ã‚  Visible Learning,  Hattie rated influence effects by increasing the number of meta-analyses from 800 to 1200. He repeated the method of ranking influencers using the â€Å"hinge point† measurement which allowed him to rank the effects of 195 influences on a scale. T he Visible Learning website has several interactive graphics to illustrate these influences. Top Influencers The number one influencer at the top of the 2015 study is an effect labeled â€Å"teacher estimates of achievement. This category, new to the ranking list, has been given a ranking value of 1,62, calculated at four times the effect of the average influencer. This rating reflects the accuracy of an individual teachers knowledge of students in his or her classes and how that knowledge determines the kinds of classroom activities and materials as well as the difficulty of the tasks assigned. A teacher’s estimates of achievement can also influence  the questioning strategies and the student groupings used in class as well as the teaching strategies selected. It is, however, the number two influencer, collective teacher efficacy, that holds an even greater promise for improving student achievement.  This influencer means harnessing the power of the group to bring out the full potential of students and educators in schools.   It should be noted that Hattie is not the first to point out the importance of collective teacher efficacy. He is the one who rated it as having an effect ranking of 1.57, almost four times the average influence. Back in 2000, educational researchers Goddard, Hoy, and Hoy advanced this idea, stating that â€Å"collective teacher efficacy shapes the normative environment of schools† and that the â€Å"perceptions of teachers in a school that the efforts of the faculty as a whole will have a positive effect on students.† In short, they found that â€Å"teachers in[ this] school can get through to the most difficult students.† Rather than rely on the individual teacher, collective teacher efficacy is a factor that can be manipulated at a whole school level. Researcher Michael Fullen and Andy Hargreaves in their article Leaning Forward: Bringing the Profession Back In  note several factors that must be present including: Teacher autonomy to take on the specific leadership roles with opportunities to participate in making decisions on school-wide issuesTeachers are allowed to collaboratively develop and communicate mutual goals that are clear and specificTeachers are committed to the goalsTeachers work as a team transparently without judgmentTeachers work as a team to collect specific evidence to determine growthLeadership acts responsively to all stakeholders and show concern and respect for their staff. When these factors are present, one of the outcomes is that collective teacher efficacy helps all teachers understand their significant impact on student results. There is also the benefit of stopping teachers from using other factors (e.g. home life, socio-economic status, motivation) as an excuse for low achievement. Way at the other end of the Hattie ranking spectrum, the bottom, the influencer of depression is given an effect score of -,42. Sharing space at the bottom of the  Visible Learning  Ladder are the influencers mobility (-,34) home corporal punishment (-,33), television (-,18), and retention (-,17). Summer vacation, a much-beloved institution, is also negatively ranked at -,02. Conclusion In concluding his inaugural address almost twenty years ago, Hattie pledged to use the best statistical modeling, as well as to conduct meta-analyses to achieve integration, perspective, and magnitude of effects. For teachers, he pledged to provide evidence that determined the differences between experienced and expert teachers as well as to assess the teaching methods that increase the probability of impact on student learning. Two editions of Visible Learning are the product of the pledges Hattie made in determining what works in education. His research can help teachers see better how their students learn best. His work is also a guide for how to best invest in education; a review of 195 influencers that can be better targeted by  statistical significance  for billions in investment...78 billion to start.

Metro Recreation History Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Metro Recreation History Assignment - Essay Example Abraham Lincoln is remembered in the U.S. history for the role he played in bringing to an end the institution of slavery. Lincoln was very vocal against slavery. His ascension to power prompted seven southern states to secede from the Union as a protest to presidents antislavery sentiments. Other four states followed suit later on prompting the start of the Civil War in 1861. In the course of the war, Abraham Lincoln delivered one of the most signification speeches against slavery that is popularly referred to as the Emancipation Proclamation. The Congress approved an amendment abolishing slavery in the United States. Unfortunately, Lincoln was assassinated in 1865 soon after the war came to the end. However, his message against slavery was deeply entrenched in the American constitution and nobody could reverse that. The congress reached a unanimous decision two years later to build Lincoln’s memorial. Lincoln Monument Association was charged with this responsibility. The sit e of the memorial was decided in 1901 and approval of the $2 million Lincoln Memorial Bill was reached in 1911 under President Taft. The memorial was officially dedicated to Lincoln’s memorial in 1922 by retired President Taft. In 1963, during the civil rights movements led by Martin Luther King, Jr., the essence of this memorial was once again brought to light. Dr. King delivered the famous â€Å"I have a dream† speech which reminded American of the Emancipation Proclamation which was signed by Lincoln. King called on America to rise up and grant blacks their full freedom as envisioned by the degree. Since then, the memorial has become synonymous with freedom and equality for every person living in the United States of America. Recreation is described as an activity someone engages in during their leisure or free time. This time is always acknowledged for its ability to instil or redeem so social

The mad cow disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

The mad cow disease - Research Paper Example It was further determined that vCJD was caused when the individual was exposed to BSE (Collinge, 1997). Mad cow disease eventually resulted in significant financial loss to farmers as approximately 5 million cows were killed in Europe to prevent the spread of BSE. In the meantime, 150 deaths were linked to BSE (Robinson, 2005). Other measures taken were the ban on MBM feed although it was not uniformly enforced across Britain (Stevenson, Morris, Lawson, et al., 2005). It therefore appears that mad cow disease was inadequately regulated amidst significant uncertainties, risk to life and health and the financial losses to farmers. Prior to the emergence of information that human who had consumed contaminated meat had succumbed to vCJD, the government had been adamant that British beef was safe to consume (Millstone & Zwanenberg, 2002). The public was said to be left to self-regulate and in this meant assessing the risks for themselves (Jasanoff, 1997). The BSE scare exposed the weaknesses of national food safety laws which were primarily regulated on an ad hoc basis (Vos, 2000). In this regard, the EU implemented a framework for institutional reform for the regulation of food safety across the EU. National governments also reformed the way in which they gathered and publicized information about food safety (Millstone & Zwanenberg, 2002). The purpose of this research study is to identify how mad cow disease is and should be regulated. This research study therefore examines the national laws of countries effected by the mad cow disease during the scare and the emerging laws developed by various countries in response to the mad cow disease scare. In order to determine whether the laws as they are now, compared to how they were during the scare are adequate, it is necessary to establish the historical and clinical facts surrounding mad cow disease and the scare. If the law is